Los ntawm High-Shear Homogenization rau Colloid Mill: Emulsifying Shear Rheological yam ntxwv ntawm PGPR thiab DMG nyob rau hauv High Internal Phase Dej-hauv-Oil (W/O) Salad Dressing Systems

Cov dej theem siab sab hauv-hauv- roj (W/O) emulsions, nrog rau cov ntu ntu ntu ntu ntu ntu φₒ Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 0.74, ua lub hauv paus txheej txheem ntawm cov khaub ncaws hnav khaub ncaws, mayonnaise lwm txoj hauv kev, thiab qis- rog kis. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov kev npaj ua lag luam tau ntsib qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm: yuav ua li cas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog tawm ntawm qhov siab -shear homogenization thiab colloid milling-ob qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws emulsification technologies -match interfacial adsorption kinetics thiab network{{8} emulsification stability ncaj qha rheological zoo. Cov ntawv no tau txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm sib txawv thiab kev txiav{10}}cov yam ntxwv teb ntawm polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) thiab distilled monoglycerides (DMG) hauv cov tshuab no los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm emulsifying shear rheology. PGPR, nrog nws cov ceg ricinoleic acid hydrophobic tails thiab hloov tau yooj yim polyglycerol lub taub hau pawg, sai sai mus txog adsorption equilibrium ntawm cov roj- dej interface thiab tsim ib tug interfacial zaj duab xis ntawm siab dilatational viscoelastic modulus, tsis tau muaj zog dependence rau shear keeb kwm. DMG, nyob rau hauv sib piv, tsim ib tug rog siv lead ua network skeleton nrog thixotropic rov qab zog los ntawm nyob rau hauv situ nucleation thiab spatial sau ntawm cov roj muaju nyob rau hauv lub interface thiab nyob rau hauv lub nruam theem, tab sis nws interfacial kinetics yog qeeb thiab muaj zog nyob ntawm lub coupling shear -kuj keeb kwm. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lub emulsifiers tsis yog tsuas yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm HLB tus nqi sib koom ua ke, tab sis yog qhov tsim ntawm cov qauv kev ruaj ntseg dual -"PGPR interfacial zaj duab xis (elastic plhaub) + DMG siv lead ua network (pob txha pob txha)"- nyob rau hauv lub shear flow field. Cov qub endows droplets nrog anti-coalescence muaj peev xwm, thaum lub tom kawg imparts anti-sedimentation muaj peev xwm thiab thixotropic rov qab mus rau tej kab ke. Daim ntawv no txuas ntxiv tsim ib daim duab emulsifying shear theem siv lub zog ntom ntom (Eᵥ) thiab lub zog tshwj xeeb shear (SBE) raws li ob qhov tsis sib xws, nthuav tawm cov ciam teb siv tau thiab kev sib txuas ntxiv ntawm siab -shear homogenization (siab Eᵥ, lub sijhawm nyob luv luv) thiab colloid milling (lub sij hawm, nyob nruab nrab) extensional-shear compound flow field) nyob rau hauv qhov system no, yog li muab lub hauv paus theoretical rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv, txheej txheem tsim, thiab formulation optimization nyob rau hauv industrial zus tau tej cov theem sab hauv W/O nyias hnav khaub ncaws.

High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPEs) feem ntau yog xa mus rau emulsion systems uas lub dispersed theem ntim feem (φ) tshaj 0.74- theoretical txwv rau random kaw packing ntawm uniform rigid spheres. Tshaj li qhov ntim ntawm qhov no, cov txheej txheem dispersed yog tsis muaj kev sib cais kheej kheej, tab sis yog compressed thiab deformed rau hauv polyhedral morphologies, nrog cov tee dej uas nyob ib sab sib cais los ntawm ib qho yeeb yaj kiab heev ntawm cov theem txuas ntxiv. Qhov no tshwj xeeb microstructural geometry imparts ib suite ntawm tsis yog-Newtonian rheological yam ntxwv-yield stress, shear-thinning cwj pwm, thiab viscoelastic khoom-zoo li teb-ua HIPEs zoo tagnrho cov qauv qauv rau semi- khoom noj txom ncauj xws li mayonnaise.

Hauv tsev neeg dav dav ntawm HIPEs, dej-hauv- roj (W/O) siab sab hauv theem emulsions tuav txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Tsis zoo li O / W HIPEs ntau dua, W / O emulsions siv dej raws li lub sijhawm tawg thiab roj raws li theem txuas ntxiv. Hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus, qhov "dej-hauv- roj" cov qauv kev teeb tsa ua tau zoo nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov zaub xam lav thiab kev sib kis: cov roj txuas ntxiv muab cov nplua nuj, puv - lub cev qhov ncauj thiab cov tsw qab tso tawm, thaum cov dej sib cais ua rau lub zog ua kom lub cev muaj zog thiab tactile {8} txo qis dua {8} cov qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev npaj ntawm W / O siab sab hauv theem emulsions yog qhov nyuaj dua li lawv cov O / W counterparts. Qhov teeb meem no tshwm sim los ntawm ob lub ntsiab tseem ceeb: W / O emulsions yog inherently thermodynamically unstable systems, thiab lub siab ntim feem ntawm aqueous droplets compresses inter{11}}droplet nrug mus rau sub-micron theem, ua rau kom lub zog tsav tsheb rau coalescence. Tsis tas li ntawd, zaub mov-qib W/O emulsifiers tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ntau yam, tab sis feem ntau me me-molecule surfactants nrog me me interfacial zaj duab xis lub zog, ua kom ntev - lub sij hawm ruaj khov nyob rau hauv siab nyob rau hauv cov kev mob theem nyuaj ua kom tiav.

Tawm tsam qhov keeb kwm yav dhau los no, ob qhov tsis yog -Ionic zaub mov- qib emulsifiers-polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) thiab distilled monoglycerides (DMG)- tau tshwm sim los ua ib qho kev sib xyaw zoo rau kev tsim kho W/O siab hauv theem emulsions. PGPR yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws W / O emulsifiers hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus, ua ke los ntawm esterification ntawm polymerized glycerol nrog condensed ricinoleic acid. Nws muaj cov ceg tawv heev hydrophobic tails thiab kev faib tawm dav ntawm cov pab pawg hydrophilic taub hau. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias PGPR sai ncav cuag adsorption sib npaug ntawm cov roj- dej interface, nrog nws cov ceg ntoo - cov qauv saw uas ua rau cov yeeb yaj kiab interfacial nrog lub siab interfacial dilatational viscoelastic modulus muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov yeeb yaj kiab interfacial deformation los ntawm emulsion co. Ntawm PGPR concentration ntawm 4% thiab roj ntim feem ntawm 0.7-0.8, qhov tshwm sim W/O emulsions nthuav tawm shear-thinning thiab elastic{14}} tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb rheological, nrog thixotropic rov qab feem pua ​​​​ntawm 131.26% thiab 114.56%, feem.

DMG sawv cev rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ruaj ntseg mechanism. Raws li molecularly distilled monoglyceride nrog cov ntsiab lus monoester Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 90%, DMG muaj tus nqi HLB ntawm kwv yees li 3.9–5.3 thiab muaj cov haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm cov roj- dej interface. Txawm li cas los xij, nws lub peev xwm tseem ceeb rau stabilizing W / O emulsions tau los ntawm lub network- tsim tus cwj pwm ntawm cov roj muaju ntawm qhov sib txuas thiab nyob rau theem txuas ntxiv. Thaum lub sij hawm txias, DMG molecules undergo nyob rau hauv situ nucleation thiab crystallization ntawm cov roj - dej interface thiab nyob rau hauv lub nruam theem, tsim ib tug spatial qauv nyob rau hauv uas Pickering stabilization thiab network stabilization coexist synergistically. Qhov no siv lead ua network tsis yog tsuas yog tiv thaiv cov tee dej coalescence los ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm lub cev tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab thixotropic rov qab rau lub cev.

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia meej meej tias PGPR + DMG muab cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws emulsion ruaj khov hauv cov txiv maj phaub roj- cov roj sunflower sib xyaw tshuab, nrog ruaj khov W / O emulsions tsim ntawm tag nrho cov emulsifier concentration ntawm 3%. Hauv DAG-PGPR sib xyaw emulsifier tshuab, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib txuam ntawm cov crystallization thiab qhov ua haujlwm siab ntawm PGPR ua rau cov emulsions nrog ob qho tib si cov dej xau thiab khov zoo heev -thaw stability. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb no tau tsom mus rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv tsim, thiab kev nkag siab zoo txog kev ua cov txheej txheem shear keeb kwm li cas-ie, yuav ua li cas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej ntws los ntawm cov khoom siv emulsification sib txawv cuam tshuam rau adsorption kinetics, crystallization tus cwj pwm, thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lub emulsifiers - tseem tsis muaj.

Daim ntawv no aims, los ntawm ib tug unified foundations ntawm shear rheology, tsim ib tug ua tiav causal saw: emulsification khoom → shear flow field → interfacial cwj pwm → bulk rheology → khoom stability. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm PGPR thiab DMG tsis yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm zoo li qub, tab sis yog ib qho dynamic shear- teb ua haujlwm; qhov kev xaiv ntawm siab -shear homogenization thiab colloid milling yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov sib txuam thiab ua ke ntawm cov "shear windows" ntawm ob emulsifiers.

1 Cov khoom siv

PGPR (HLB ≈ 0.4–4.0, Guangzhou Zhonghai Chemical); DMG (monoester cov ntsiab lus Ntau dua lossis sib npaug ntawm 90%, HLB ≈ 3.9–5.3, tib lub chaw muag khoom); sunflower roj (qib zaub mov); dej deionized; ntsev, sucrose, xanthan gum (qib zaub mov).

2 W/O Salad Dressing Model System

Roj theem: sunflower roj nrog PGPR / DMG tov emulsifier (tag nrho cov concentration 1% -5%, PGPR: DMG ratio series ntawm 0:10 mus rau 10:0), yaj nyob rau hauv stirring ntawm 70 degree. Aqueous theem: deionized dej + ntsev 1.5% + sucrose 3% + xanthan gum 0.1%, yaj nyob rau hauv stirring ntawm 60 degree. Dej-rau- roj loj piv: 70:30 (φₒ=0.7) thiab 60:40 (φₒ=0.6), ua ob series.

3 Emulsification khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm

High-shear homogenization (HSH) ua haujlwm digital high-speed dispersing homogenizer (FJ200-SH, Shanghai Huxi), nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm 8,000–18,000 rpm thiab ntev ntawm 1-5 min. Colloid milling (CM) ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj{12}} nplai recirculating colloid zeb (JMS-50D, Langfang General Machinery), nrog stator-rotor qhov sib txawv ntawm 100–500 μm, rotor ceev ntawm 3,000–6,000 rpm 5 recirculates. Tom qab emulsification, tag nrho cov emulsions tau txias sai heev rau 25℃hauv dej khov dej da dej.

4 Txoj kev ua tus cwj pwm

• Droplet Morphology:Optical microscopy (BX53, Olympus) ntawm × 400 magnification; droplet size distribution (d₃,₂) txiav txim siab siv ImageJ duab tsom xam software.
• Rheological yam ntxwv:Rotational rheometer (DHR-2, TA Instruments), 40 mm parallel phaj geometry (1 mm kis), 25℃. Steady- xeev shear: 0.01–100 s⁻¹; amplitude cheb: 0.01% -100% lim ntawm 1 Hz; zaus cheb: 0.1-100 rad/s ntawm 0.1% lim (hauv LVR); thixotropy: peb-kauj ruam shear rate voj voog ntawm 10⁻³ → 100 → 10⁻³ s⁻¹.
• Interfacial Dilatational Rheology:Pendant poob-raws li interfacial dilatational rheometry (OCA 25, DataPhysics), oscillation zaus 5–45 mHz, amplitude 2%, kub 25℃.
• DSC Fat Crystallization Analysis:Sib txawv Scanning Calorimetry (DSC 214 Polyma, Netzsch), cua sov / txias tus nqi 5℃/ min.
• Cia ruaj khov:Cia ntawm 25℃/ 4℃rau 30 hnub nrog kev pom kev pom ntawm theem sib cais thiab coalescence.

1 Sib txawv Interfacial Cwj Pwm ntawm PGPR thiab DMG ntawm W/O Interface

Interfacial dilatational rheology ntsuas tau qhia qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm PGPR thiab DMG ntawm cov roj -dej interface. PGPR sai ncav cuag adsorption sib npaug txawm tias tsawg heev (0.1%), nrog rau nws cov interfacial dilatational modulus E' nthuav tawm tsis muaj zog zaus dependence nyob rau hauv 5-45 mHz zaus ntau zaus, qhia tau hais tias muaj ib qho khoom -zoo li elastic cim ntawm interfacial zaj duab xis. Qhov kev tshawb pom no muaj kev pom zoo nrog cov ntaub ntawv: cov ceg ntoo ricinoleic acid hydrophobic tails ntawm PGPR muab lub siab dilatational viscoelastic modulus rau cov yeeb yaj kiab interfacial, ua kom nws tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntsej muag los ntawm emulsion coalescence. Tom qab 15 compression-expansion cycles, lub modulus ntawm PGPR interfacial zaj duab xis pom tsuas yog me me attenuation, paub meej tias nws zoo heev ntev -lub sij hawm interfacial stability.

DMG tau nthuav tawm tus cwj pwm sib txawv ntawm lub ntsej muag. Raws li cov xwm txheej ntsuas zoo ib yam, qhov dilatational modulus ntawm DMG interfacial zaj duab xis tau qis dua li ntawm PGPR, nrog cov suab nrov nrov ntawm kev vam khom - cov modulus tau nce sai ntawm cov zaus siab thiab tsis kam ntawm cov frequencies tsawg - qhia tias muaj viscosity - zaj duab xis dominated Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, thaum qhov kub thiab txias tau qis dua los ntawm 70℃mus rau 25 degree, qhov dilatational modulus ntawm DMG interfacial zaj duab xis tau dhau los ua ib kauj ruam -zoo li nce, ze ze rau nws qhov kev coj tus cwj pwm interfacial crystallization. DSC kev tshuaj xyuas tau lees paub qhov kev xav no: thaum lub sijhawm txias, DMG tau pom qhov txawv txav ntawm qhov siab ntawm kwv yees li 45-50 degree, sib haum rau heterogeneous nucleation thiab crystallization ntawm monoglycerides ntawm cov roj - dej interface.

Ob qhov kev coj cwj pwm sib txawv no txiav txim siab lawv cov qauv lus teb nyob rau hauv shear teb. Lub interfacial adsorption ntawm PGPR yog ibkinetically tswj txheej txheem: molecules tuaj yeem ua tiav cov kev hloov pauv sai sai thaum tuaj txog ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam thiab ua tiav qhov sib npaug; yog li ntawd, nws dependence rau shear siv zog kuj tsis muaj zog. Tus cwj pwm interfacial ntawm DMG, los ntawm qhov sib txawv, yog athermodynamic- txheej txheem kinetic ua ke: molecules yuav tsum xub ua kom muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub interface, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev ua kom txias -tsav nyob rau hauv situ crystallization; qhov kawg interfacial qauv yog li no muaj zog nyob ntawm shear-txoj kev keeb kwm txias.

2 Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Shear Flow Field Hom ntawm Droplet Size Distribution

High-shear homogenization (HSH) thiab colloid milling (CM) sawv cev rau ob hom sib txawv ntawm emulsification flow fields.

HSH belongs rau qeb ntawminertial turbulence-tswj cov teb. Nyob rau hauv qhov siab -kev sib hloov ceev ntawm lub rotor, cov kua dej ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov, nrog cov dej tawg feem ntau tswj los ntawm kev ntxhov siab inertial (~ρ(εd)^(2/3)). Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw khiav dej num no yog: lub zog siab heev (10⁶–10⁸ W / m³), ​​lub sijhawm nyob luv heev (milliseconds rau vib nas this), thiab qhov chaw ntws los ntawm cov shear thiab turbulent eddies.

Ib tug colloid zeb, ntawm qhov tod tes, belongs rau qeb ntawmextensional -shear compound flow fields. Nyob rau hauv lub stator-rotor qhov sib txawv, cov kua dej nkag mus rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib txuas ntxiv thiab shear flows, thiab cov txheej txheem dej tawg yog qhov nyuaj heev. Piv nrog HSH, CM nta nruab nrab lub zog ntom ntom (10⁵–10⁷ W / m³) tab sis lub sijhawm nyob ntev dua (sib ob rau feeb), nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv.

Table 1 Sib piv ntawm Flow Field Yam ntxwv: Siab -Shear Homogenization vs. Colloid Mill

Cov txiaj ntsig kev sim tau pom tias thaum siv PGPR ib leeg ua emulsifier, HSH ntawm 18,000 rpm rau 3 min yielded ib tug droplet faib nrog d₃,₂ ≈ 8-12 μm, nrog ib txwm droplet morphology thiab ib tug nqaim loj faib. Thaum CM kev kho mob tau siv los ntawm kev sib piv lub zog tawm tswv yim, qhov nruab nrab qhov loj me me tau nce mus rau 15-20 μm, tab sis qhov loj me faib tau dav dua, nthuav tawm tus cwj pwm txawv bimodal - lub ntsiab ncov ntawm 10-15 μm thiab qhov siab thib ob ntawm 25-35 μm.

Kev taw qhia ntawm DMG tau hloov pauv daim duab no. Hauv PGPR: DMG=7: 3 qhov sib xyaw ua ke (tag nrho cov concentration 3%), qhov sib txawv me me ntawm HSH thiab CM nqaim heev: d₃,₂ ≈ 10 μm rau HSH thiab ≈ 12 μm rau CM, txo qhov piv ntawm kwv yees li 1.8 × (PGPR ib leeg). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, qhov ruaj khov ruaj khov (30 hnub, 25 degree) ntawm CM- tsim cov emulsion tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm HSH cov khoom- qhov ntsuas qhov tsis ruaj khov ntawm qhov qub tsuas yog kwv yees li 40% ntawm qhov kawg.

3 Shear-Tebchaws Mechanism ntawm "PGPR Interfacial Film + DMG Crystal Network" Dual Stabilization Structure

Vim li cas CM thiaj li qhia tau hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob hauv PGPR / DMG kev sib xyaw ua ke? Cov lus teb yog nyob rau hauv cov lus teb sib txawv ntawm ob lub emulsifiers rau shear keeb kwm, thiab cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm CM flow teb uas yog sib xws nrog lawv cov "shear windows."

Lub interfacial adsorption ntawm PGPR yog cov txheej txheem kinetic sai. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv millisecond -scale turbulence ntawm HSH los yog qhov thib ob -scale extensional-shear flow ntawm CM, PGPR molecules tuaj yeem ua tiav sai sai ua tiav adsorption ntawm cov dej ntws tawm tshiab, tsim cov zaj duab xis elastic interfacial. Txawm li cas los xij,tus kheej - kho lub peev xwm ntawm PGPR interfacial zaj duab xis tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj yog txwv. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej kub ntxhov ntawm HSH, nascent droplets tau rov ua dua tshiab -coalescence-re- breakage cycles, nrog rau cov yeeb yaj kiab interfacial tau txuas ntxiv torn thiab rov ua dua, ua rau txo qis marginal emulsification efficiency.

DMG, los ntawm qhov sib txawv, yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv "shear-cooling" ua ke ib puag ncig. Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau DMG kom siv nws txoj haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm qhov sib txuas thiab nyob rau theem tas mus li yog: (1) cov molecules yuav tsum muaj sijhawm txaus kom ncav cuag qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov tee dej; (2) cov tee dej yuav tsum muaj kev ruaj ntseg morphological raws li qhov tsim nyog shear los muab cov qauv nucleation rau interfacial crystallization; (3) qhov txias txias yuav tsum yog nruab nrab kom tso cai rau kev loj hlob zoo siv lead ua yam tsis muaj kev sib sau ntau dhau.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej ntws ntawm HSH-siab zog ceev, lub sij hawm nyob tsis tshua muaj heev, muaj zog turbulence- tawm tsam txhua yam ntawm DMG cov cai.Hauv HSH, lub neej ntawm ib tus neeg cov tee dej yog luv heev (milliseconds mus rau vib nas this), thiab DMG molecules muaj sij hawm tsis txaus los mus sau ntawm lub interface, cia nyob ib leeg ua tiav interfacial nucleation thiab siv lead ua kev loj hlob. Qhov kev sib txhuam ntawm cov cua sov uas tsim los ntawm HSH ntxiv yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau lwm qhov txias, ntxiv compressing lub qhov rais crystallization ntawm DMG.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej ntws ntws ntawm CM- lub zog nruab nrab, lub sijhawm nyob ntev dua, qhov tseem ceeb txuas ntxiv rau cov dej ntws tawm - txaus siab rau tag nrho DMG cov cai.Nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm CM, cov tee dej tau maj mam txuas ntxiv deformation; Qhov nce hauv thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm synchronously nrog qhov chaw diffusion ntawm DMG, muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws kinetic tej yam kev mob rau interfacial crystallization. Raws li kev txuas ntxiv, cov tee dej tawg ntawm "dumbbell-zoo li" elongation-rupture mechanism, yielding ntxhais tee dej ntawm cov morphology li niaj zaus thiab qhov loj me, uas pab txhawb kev tsim kho ntawm cov siv lead ua network. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, lub sij hawm nyob ntev ntawm CM tso cai rau DMG muaj lub sijhawm los ua kom tiav cov siv lead ua nucleation thiab kev loj hlob pib nyob rau theem txuas ntxiv, tsim cov qauv spatial uas Pickering stabilization thiab network stabilization coexist synergistically.

Peb xaus no mechanism raws li tus"PGPR interfacial zaj duab xis (elastic plhaub) + DMG siv lead ua network (pob txha pob txha)" dual stabilization qauv. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv no, PGPR muab thawj theem ntawm kev tiv thaiv- tso cai rau txhua lub tee dej nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab elastic uas tiv thaiv coalescence; DMG muab qib thib ob ntawm kev tiv thaiv- tsim cov pob txha pob txha ntawm cov pob txha siv lead ua ntawm cov tee dej, ua rau lub cev muaj zog tiv thaiv - muaj peev xwm sedimentation thiab thixotropic rov ua haujlwm. Lub neej ntawm cov qauv no tau txais kev txhawb nqa tsis ncaj los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv: kev tshawb fawb ntawm DAG-PGPR sib xyaw emulsifier tshuab tau pom tias qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm interfacial crystallization thiab qhov ua haujlwm siab ntawm PGPR ua rau emulsions nrog ob qho tib si cov xau xaim thiab khov zoo heev -thaw stability; nyob rau hauv PGPR- muaj W/O emulsions, interfacial rog ua rau cov tee dej los ua active fillers, txhawb lub rigidity thiab hardness ntawm lub system.

4 Kev tsim kho ntawm Emulsifying Shear Phase Diagram thiab txheej txheem xaiv cov txheej txheem

Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim ua haujlwm, peb tau tsim daim duab emulsifying shear theem siv lub zog ntom ntom (Eᵥ) thiab lub zog tshwj xeeb shear (SBE) raws li ob qhov tsis sib xws, piav qhia txog thaj tsam siv tau thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm HSH thiab CM hauv qhov system no.

Table 2 Emulsifying Shear Phase Diagram rau PGPR / DMG Blended W / O High Internal Phase Emulsions

Qhov rai Iyog haum rau nyias hnav khaub ncaws uas yuav tsum tau siab flowability thiab zoo heev extrusion kev ua tau zoo. Ntawm no, PGPR yog qhov tseem ceeb emulsifier (Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 80%), nrog rau me me ntawm DMG muab kev pabcuam stabilization. Lub zog siab ceev ntawm HSH tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua cov tee dej, thaum cov ntsiab lus DMG tsawg ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov thermal cuam tshuam ntawm HSH tsis cuam tshuam rau cov siv lead ua tsis muaj zog. Qhov tshwm sim emulsion muaj qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm kwv yees li 50-150 Pa thiab thixotropic rov qab ntawm kwv yees li 80% -100%, tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv hauv lub raj mis squeezable.

Qhov rai IIsawv cev rau thaj tsam zoo ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm HSH thiab CM. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim no yog siv HSH kom ua tau zoo thawj cov dej tawg, ua raws li CM kom ua tiav theem nrab cov txheej txheem ua kom zoo dua qub -xws li homogenization ntawm droplet loj thiab kev tsim kho ntawm DMG siv lead ua network. Cov kev sim tau lees paub tias cov txheej txheem tandem ntawm "HSH ua ntej-emulsification (18,000 rpm, 1 min) + CM recirculation refining (3,000 rpm, 3 passes)" tuaj yeem ua tiav ob qho tib si droplet fineness (d₃, ₂ ≈ 13} 3-hnub ruaj khov destabilization index <5%). Cov txheej txheem no tsim nyog rau cov khaub ncaws hnav khaub ncaws thiab kis cov khoom lag luam nrog kev xav tau kev ruaj ntseg cia.

Qhov rai IIIyog thaj av uas DMG siv lead ua network cuam tshuam tag nrho. Lub sijhawm nyob ntev dua thiab cov yam ntxwv txuas ntxiv ntawm CM muab DMG nrog lub sijhawm txaus los tsim kom muaj cov siv lead ua tiav ntawm qhov sib txuas thiab nyob rau theem txuas ntxiv. Cov txiaj ntsig emulsion tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig kev ntxhov siab ntawm 200-400 Pa, thixotropic rov qab ntau dua 120%, thiab hais cov yas- tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev- tuav cov duab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li qub (cov ridges txawv tom qab scooping) thaum nthuav tawm cov viscous tsis kam thaum sib kis. Lub qhov rais no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau khov / tub yees sib kis thiab cog-raws li butter lwm yam uas yuav tsum tau muaj daim ntawv siab- tuav lub peev xwm.

Qhov rai IVqhia tau hais tias tsuas yog ncua sij hawm CM los yog nce rotor ceev tsis tuaj yeem them rau cov qauv tsis zoo uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv PGPR tsis txaus lossis tsis txaus DMG crystallization tej yam kev mob.

5 Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Ntawm Thixotropic Rov Qab Cwj Pwm thiab PGPR / DMG Synergistic Enhancement

Thixotropic rov qab tus cwj pwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia rau kev soj ntsuam kev siv cov khoom noj qab zib zoo thiab kis tau tus mob - cov khoom yuav tsum muaj qhov zoo flowability thaum raug nyem los ntawm lub raj mis los yog kis tau rau ntawm qhob cij, tsis tau yuav tsum ceev nrooj rov qab nws cov khoom zoo li cov qauv tom qab extrusion los yog kis tau los tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej thiab roj exudation.

Emulsions uas muaj PGPR nkaus xwb pom tias thixotropic rov qab los ntawm kwv yees li 70% -85%, nrog tus nqi rov qab qeeb (lub sijhawm tus yam ntxwv ~ 120-200 s). Emulsions uas tsuas yog DMG tsis tuaj yeem tsim lub voj voog thixotropic hysteresis tag nrho vim yog cov dej ntxhib thiab coalescence loj heev (rov qab.<50%). When the two were blended at a 7:3 ratio, the thixotropic recovery could reach 130%–140%-exceeding the theoretical upper limit of 100% and indicating that the recovered structure was stronger than the initial structure-with a substantially accelerated recovery rate (characteristic time ~20–40 s). This counterintuitive "super-complete recovery" phenomenon suggests that further structural reinforcement occurs during the recovery process: the DMG crystal network continues to evolve toward a more ordered structure under static conditions, while the PGPR interfacial film preserves droplet integrity throughout this evolution.

Los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev pom ntawm emulsifying shear rheology, daim ntawv no qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke thiab shear-cov yam ntxwv teb ntawm PGPR thiab DMG nyob rau theem siab sab hauv W / O zaub xam lav hnav khaub ncaws, muab cov lus qhia hauv qab no rau kev npaj ua lag luam:

Cov txheej txheem xaiv cov cuab yeej:High- cov khoom lag luam flowability yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua los ntawm HSH ib zaug - ua cov kauj ruam; nruab nrab-rau- cov khoom ruaj khov siab tau pom zoo rau HSH + CM tandem ua; daim ntawv siab- tuav cov khoom tau zoo npaj siv CM-dominant multi-pass processing.

Formulation tsim qauv:High PGPR piv formulations yuav tsum tau sib phim nrog lub siab zog ceev ntawm HSH; nruab nrab-rau- qis PGPR piv cov qauv tsim yuav tsum tau sib phim nrog qhov txuas ntxiv -shear flow field ntawm CM; rau txhua txhua 10% nce hauv DMG feem, nws raug pom zoo kom ncua sij hawm CM nyob hauv kwv yees li 20% lossis nce CM recirculation los ntawm ib qho ntxiv.

Cov lus qhia txog kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav suav nrog: txuas ntxiv cov txheej txheem shear theem daim duab qhia hauv txoj kev tshawb no mus rau lwm cov khoom noj W/O emulsion (piv txwv li, margarine, tsis yog- mis nyuj whipping cream); ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv situ me me - lub kaum ntse ntse tawg thiab neutron reflectometry cov tswv yim los qhia qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov crystallization kinetics ntawm DMG nyob rau hauv shear- txias txias; thiab sib piv cov txheej txheem HSH + CM tandem nrog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li microfluidic emulsification los tshawb txog qhov kawg tswj kev ua tiav tau tiav hauv kev npaj siab sab hauv theem W / O emulsions.

Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm PGPR thiab DMG nyob rau theem siab sab hauv W / O cov khaub ncaws hnav khaub ncaws sawv cev rau lub cev muaj zog, shear-keeb kwm- nyob ntawm, ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntxiv raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm lub cev -interfacial film viscoelasticity piv rau siv lead ua network. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm siab -shear homogenization thiab colloid milling yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov sib txuam ntawm "shear windows" ntawm ob emulsifiers: HSH phim lub nrawm interfacial adsorption ntawm PGPR, thaum CM phim lub interfacial nucleation crystallization thiab network tsim ntawm DMG. Kev siv tandem ntawm ob hom khoom siv ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem engineering uas sib haum xeeb nrog kev ua tau zoo. Cov "emulsifying shear phase diagram" tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no muab ib tug systematic theoretical foundation thiab tswv yim kev taw qhia rau cov khoom xaiv, txheej txheem tsim, thiab formulation optimization ntawm siab nyob rau hauv theem W / O emulsions nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kev lag luam.